Contrast enhancement as guidance for ultrasound intervention

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1.) Describe the principal techniques for administering ultrasound contrast agents in both intravascular and endocavitary settings during interventional procedures.
2.) Identify the clinical applications of CEUS guidance across a range of interventions - including biopsy, drainage, nephrostomy, biliary procedures, and vascular intervention - and explain how CEUS improves targeting, success rates, and complication management compared with conventional ultrasound.
3.) Recognise the specific advantages of CEUS over alternative imaging modalities such as CT and fluoroscopy in the interventional setting, including real-time imaging, absence of ionising radiation, and suitability for bedside use in critically ill patients.